FMA7205Urinary
The left adrenal (suprarenal) gland is a crescent-shaped endocrine organ paired with the right adrenal gland and regulated by pituitary and sympathetic signals.
Produces steroid hormones in the adrenal cortex and epinephrine/norepinephrine in the adrenal medulla to coordinate electrolyte balance, metabolism, and the fight-or-flight response.
Retroperitoneal upper abdomen, situated along the superomedial border of the left kidney posterior to the stomach and pancreas.
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The pituitary gland and pineal body are closely integrated with the hypothalamus and diencephalon of the brain.
Endocrine glands are richly vascularized so hormones released into capillaries are rapidly distributed through the bloodstream.
The pancreas (modeled in the digestive layer) also performs vital endocrine roles by releasing insulin and glucagon into the blood.